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Shenk JS, Westerhaus MO (1985) Accuracy of NIRS instruments to analyze forage and grain. JW, Ⅲ JBR (Eds.), Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Agriculture, American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 229-267.

Roberts CA, Stuth J, Flinn P (2004) Analysis of forages and feedstuffs, In: Roberts CA, Jr. Performance of two handheld NIR spectrometers to quantify crude protein of composite animal forage and feedstuff. The result of this study showed that both handheld NIR instruments can accurately measure forage and feed $CP$ during screening, quality, and process control applications.Ĭitation: Isaac R. These values were not practically different than those of H1, indicating similar performance of the two devices despite having absorbance measurements only in the second and third overtone regions with H2. With H2 spectra, the model best predicting $CP$ was based on SG2 preprocessing, returning $RMSEP$ = 2.05% and $RPD$ = 5.74. This model had low root mean square error of prediction ($RMSEP$ = 2.22%) and high ratio of prediction to deviation ($RPD$ = 5.24). Using H1 spectra, the PLS regression model that best predicted $CP$ followed SG1 preprocessing. PCA models showed two major groups-one with Sweet Bran and distillers grains, and the other with corn silage and corn stalk. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression models were developed using mean-centered data that had been preprocessed using standard normal variate (SNV) or Savitzky-Golay first derivative (SG1) or second derivative (SG2) algorithm. For H1, only absorbances in the NIR region (780–2500 nm) were used in the multivariate analyses, while for H2, absorbances in the second and third overtone regions (940–1660 nm) were used. Spectral data of 147 forage and feed samples were collected by both handheld instruments and split into calibration ($n$ = 120) and validation ($n$ = 27) sets. Second was a smartphone spectrometer, which measured from 900–1700 nm with a spectral interval of 4 nm (H2).

First was a transportable spectrometer, which measured in the visible and NIR ranges (320–2500 nm) with a spectral interval of 1 nm (H1). Two handheld near infrared (NIR) spectrometers were used to quantify crude protein ($CP$) content of mixed forage and feedstuff composed of Sweet Bran, distiller's grains, corn silage, and corn stalk.

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